Although vitamin B6 contributes to maintaining normal homocysteine metabolism, taking additional B6 has not been shown to reliably prevent heart attacks simply by lowering homocysteine levels.

Food sources: Fish, poultry, potatoes, chickpeas, bananas, and fortified cereals.

Most people can meet their vitamin B6 requirements through a varied diet. Excessive supplementation over time can damage peripheral nerves, potentially causing numbness, tingling, or problems with balance.

3. Vitamin B9 (Folate): Essential for Healthy Cells

Vitamin B9, commonly known as folate in foods and folic acid in supplements and fortified products, is essential for DNA production, cell division, and the formation of red blood cells.

Folate also works with vitamins B6 and B12 to metabolize homocysteine. While this process is important for normal health, evidence that folate supplements prevent heart attacks in the general population remains inconsistent.

Food sources: Leafy green vegetables, beans, lentils, asparagus, citrus fruits, and fortified grains.

People who may become pregnant are routinely advised to take folic acid to help prevent neural tube defects in developing babies. For other adults, supplementation should depend on individual needs and medical advice rather than an expectation that it will clear arterial plaque.

4. Vitamin B12: Important for Blood and Nerve Health

Vitamin B12 supports normal nerve function, red blood cell formation, and DNA synthesis. Like folate and vitamin B6, it participates in the metabolic pathways that regulate homocysteine.

Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to anemia, fatigue, neurological problems, and elevated homocysteine levels. The risk of deficiency increases in some older adults, particularly those with reduced absorption, certain digestive conditions, or diets containing few animal products.

Food sources: Fish, meat, eggs, dairy products, and foods fortified with B12.